The stripboard layout I made from this schematic (further down the article) is verified and the placing of the buffer stages follows the numbering on the schematic drawing. For the Octaves control I used to recommend you use a 100K potmeter with a center detent, but I think after due consideration that it's better overall to
. I thought it would be useful to easily re-tune the VCO after you've been using the Octaves control knob and it is, but those potmeters often are not linear. Often they are logarithmic towards the center point. Anyway, decide for yourself what you want but whatever you choose
not one with a center detent because you need accuracy around the center settings.
I put in a 47K resistor for R21 which is the pull down resistor for the squarewave output. It originally was a 10K resistor in the Digisound-80 circuit, because the CEM3340 chip was used, and that will work fine too. (Use 10K if you're using a CEM chip) It's stated in the datasheet for the AS3340 that it needs to be 51K but in practice it doesn't matter at all, so I use 47K. For the current limiting resistor (R23) I put in a 1K. This is necessary because we will connect it to negative 15 Volt. It says to use a 910 Ohm in the schematics but I always play it safe and use a 1K resistor. Use a good quality polystyrene or polyester or silver mica type capacitor for C7 (1nF). This is the frequency determining capacitor (a.k.a. timing cap) and must be stable with temperature changes. So do not use a ceramic capacitor for C7. When soldering in a polystyrene capacitor, make sure you don't heat it up too much! These types of capacitors can change their value if they get too hot from soldering and when they cool down the value will stay changed. But don't worry, with normal soldering they will be fine and I never had problems with them myself. Some polystyrene capacitors have a black line on one side. This indicates the leg that is connected to the outer layer of aluminium that makes up the capacitor. This leg should be connected to the lowest voltage potential (usually ground), that way it will act as shielding against hum. If it doesn't have a stripe, just put it in anyway you want. It'll work fine.
This is what a Polystyrene capacitor looks like. You can see the right side has a dark band, indicating the right leg is connected to the outer layer of aluminium:
Running this VCO on a dual 12V powersupply:
If you're going to use this VCO with a dual 12 Volt power supply (Eurorack/Kosmo) then use a 680 Ohm resistor for R23. (On the stripboard layout R23 is the 1K resistor going from pin 3 of the AS3340 to the negative 15 Volt rail.) It doesn't matter if you are using the CEM3340 or the AS3340 ICs.
Further down this article, in the 'Tuning' section, I mention that if you experience problems with tuning while running this VCO at 12V, you can make R4 bigger. Use a 270K or even a 300K resistor instead of the 200K. Some people experienced problems because trimpot-A was at its end before the VCO was in tune. Making R4 bigger will prevent that. It's not always necessary to make this change but if you do, you may have to experiment to find a value that works best for you. It seems many people have different experiences with this but it's just a matter of finding the right value.
When running this on dual 12V you might also need to lower the value of C7 from 1nF to as low as 0.5nF (or 500pF). Otherwise you might only get very low frequencies out of this VCO. This is not in the Datasheet but it has been established by feedback from many readers who built this VCO for Eurorack. Again, this change is also not always necessary but I leave it up to you. Many people commented that they needed to do this change to get it working right on 12V. Halving the value might be a bit too harsh though. In my own VCO's I changed the value to 820pF and that was more than enough. Make sure you don't use ceramic caps for C7. They are too temperature sensitive and make your VCO go constantly out of tune.
I also had feedback that mentioned changing R7 from 300K to 150K. This is the resistor in series with the wiper of the Octaves control potmeter. This will increase the range of the Octaves potmeter. Again, I'll leave it up to you whether you need this change or not. I can see that the lower voltage can mean less Octave range on the potmeter but halving the resistor value might be a little too much? You'll have to experiment to get the range to your liking.
Next thing to do is to change R18, the resistor connected to the PWM potmeter to 18K or 20K or 21K (which ever value you have to hand) to make full use of the throw of the pulse width modulation potmeter. You could even put in a 33K trimpot and then set it so that the voltage over the PWM potmeter is exactly +10V but it's not necessary to go that far. A resistor is fine as long as the value is around the 20K, plus or minus 2K.
Finally, some useful feedback I got via the LookMumNoComputer forum is to change R11 from 1M5 to 1M2. This should really help with tuning especially if changing R4 doesn't improve the tuning situation much. With all these changes you should be able to get it working fine on +/-12V.
So to sum up the changes you need to make for +/-12V operation:
- Change R23 to 680 Ohm.
- Change the Timing Capacitor C7 from 1nF to 820pF. If you still have trouble reaching high octaves or with tuning then you can use a 680pF or 500pF. Experiment and see what works for you. In my own Eurorack version I used an 820pF capacitor.
- Change resistor R4 (200K in series with Trimmer A) for a 270K or 300K resistor if you have problems with tuning (again, only if necessary. I just put in a 220K and it worked fine on 12V)
- Change R18 to 18K, 20K or 21K. This is to get the full Pulse Width range on dual 12V.
- If necessary, change R7 (resistor in series with wiper of Octaves control potmeter) from 300K to 150K to get more range from the Octaves control. Use your own judgement if you need this change or not.
- Change R11 from 1M5 to 1M2. This will help with tuning and if you're having problems to get the VCO to track right over the octaves. This is a change I strongly recommend!
The only four changes I always make for running this VCO on a dual 12V powersupply are:
R23 to 680 Ohm
Cap C7 to 820pF
Change R4 from 200K to 220K
and change R11 from 1M5 down to 1M2
With these changes made, you should have this VCO running normally on +/-12V and tuned easily.
Further hints and tips:
The potmeter for High Frequency Tracking or Linearity can be a normal trimpot, not a multi-turn one. The influence it has is minimal. But you must use multi-turn trimpots for A and B on the layout, otherwise tuning will become very difficult. All resistors I use are metal film resistors with 1% tolerance. In fact, I used cheap 1% resistors from China and they are not 1% but more like 3% but this is still good enough. But the 100K CV input resistors should all be measured and matched so they all have the same resistance value. This makes it easier when you connect different CV sources to those inputs, they will be in tune straight away. I was surprised that the two 100K potmeters I used in the panel for Octaves and for Fine Tune give exactly the range that is stated in the original description although the Octaves control is not linear, at least mine wasn't but maybe that is due to the potmeters with center detent I used. Octaves is plus and minus 5 octaves and Fine is plus and minus half an octave. I'm not used to things actually working out as originally described in DIY projects. It's usually either a bit off or way off but the Digisound 80 designs are really good and spot on.
If I can give you one important tip, and this goes for all the projects on this website: Measure every component before you solder it in place. This can save you an enormous amount of work in troubleshooting
Please beware the outputs are 0-10Vpp and not the usual +/-5Vpp. This is because I built this from the original Digisound 80 documentation. If you want the outputs to conform to +/-5Vpp then you need to add a negative 5V offset voltage to the output buffers or have the outputs go through an extra opamp that is wired to provide this negative offset. I have made an
extra offset board to address this issue.
SET YOUR OSCILLOSCOPE TO DC WHEN MEASURING OUTPUT SIGNALS!! Otherwise you'll get wrong readings and it won't measure DC offset voltage.
About Pulse Width Modulation:
Pulse Width Modulation is now also spot on. Before the 18th of October 2020 I had the PWM connected as is shown in the original schematics in the PDF file linked below (in series with the wiper of the PWM potmeter) but that didn't work perfectly. There was a significant amount of throw left on the potmeter when you reached the 100% mark. However, I got a suggestion in the comments below to move R18 from the wiper of the PWM potmeter to pin 1, the +15V connection to the potmeter, and that did the trick.
I should have realized this myself it's so obvious. The 47K resistor R18 forms a voltage devider with the 100K potmeter that takes off 5V from the +15V supply and leaves the potmeter with +10V on pin 1. This is then halved by the voltage devider made up of R19 and R20 (both 47K) to feed the chip with 0 to +5V, which is exactly what it needs for the correct pulse width modulation.
This Pulse Width problem was really buggin' me because it was the only thing that was not working right in this design but now that is solved too.
The results I get are as follows: With the PWM potmeter fully counter clockwise I get 0% pulse width, meaning that there is no signal, just a flat line. Then as I turn it clockwise the pulse appears and goes through the percentages to stop at 99% pulse width when the potmeter is turned fully clockwise. So fully clockwise there's a very thin pulse left over. This is absolutely perfect. Of course your results can differ a tiny bit because of resistor tolerances but I got the same results with all 4 of my VCO's.
So if you are using this VCO with a Eurorack powersupply of +/-12V you need resistor R18 to be near to 20K. (21K or 18K will work fine I think. The schematic and layouts have all been updated with the new R18 position.)
For external Pulse Width Modulation you need a signal that goes from 0 to +10V on the PWM input jack. This can be a problem if you use this VCO in a Eurorack setting where the signals are usually -5/+5V. Just so you know. But there are LFO designs on my website that will give you the 0V to +10V output option you need. You can also use a module like the
Dual Voltage Processor to give a +5V DC-Offset voltage to the control voltage and then use it for Pulse Width Modulation.
NB: If you have built this VCO and all the waves work except for the squarewave then check the voltage on pin 5 and see if it is between 0 and +5V. If not, the output will be a flat line.
Temperature Compensation:
Don't place this VCO directly over the power supply in your modular set-up. If it gets influenced by the heat from the voltage regulators too much it can de-tune a bit but I think this is true of almost all VCO's. The AS3340 has internal temperature compensation but this only really works for changes in room temperature. If you put it over a heat source like a power supply it will most definitely de-tune. Of course other components around the chip will also warm up and add to the de-tuning of the VCO when influenced by the heat from the powersupply.
1. KOSMO SIZED LAYOUT:
Below here is the layout. I didn't put in the input jacks for the sync inputs or the output jacks for the wave forms and CV-OUT. It's already spaghetti junction and that would make it even worse. I assume you know how to hook up jack sockets. All potmeters are frontal view with shaft facing you. I have recently added 100nF decoupling capacitors directly between the IC's and 22µF electrolytic capacitors on the power rails, because this came up on Facebook. These are not included in the schematic drawing but they are in the original schematic in the PDF linked below. (You can use any value for the electrolytic caps between 10µF and a 100µF as long as they are rated for 25V or over.) There's an extra CV input marked on the layout. This is just incase you want to permanently connect something, like a sequencer, to the VCO and don't want to sacrifice an existing CV input for that. (If you don't need it, there's no need to include it.)
Again I want to repeat what I said earlier: measure every components value before you solder it in. I always do this myself too because resistors and especially capacitors can be way out of spec sometimes and it is always best to be sure, especially when using cheap Chinese components. (I always use cheap resistors and they work just fine.)
I added and extra Hard Sync input to this layout recently. You can install a 3 way rotary switch for the Hard Sync and have some options this way. You can also leave it out, it's up to you. (The middle hard sync input comes from the Digisound 80 VCO Deluxe schematic.)
Here's the wiring diagram:
(Last revised: 18-Oct.-2020: Changed position of R18 from the wiper of the PWM potmeter to between the +15V and pin 1 of the PWM potmeter. I also changed the colour of the capacitors to be in line with other layouts and I made the wirebridges that connect to ground a green colour for clarity. 26-Nov.-2021: Removed striping from resistors added extra Hard Sync input. 18-Oct-2023: Colourcoded wirebridges.)
And here's a close-up of the stripboard. Don't forget to cut the copper strip underneath the 1M resistor above trimpot A. (Position A-31) The cut is difficult to see on the layout but it's there of course, otherwise the resistor wouldn't work. Also don't forget the jumpwire from that resistor to the wiper of trimpot C! (Position B-16 or 17). I made an extra layout with just the cuts and wirebridges, below.
Beware that some stripboards are sold with 56 instead of 55 holes horizontally. This layout is 55 holes wide.
Stripboard only view:
Below an overview of the cuts and wirebridges seen from COMPONENT SIDE! As always, mark the cuts on the component side with a waterproof Sharpie and then stick a pin through the marked holes and mark them again on the copper side. Then you can make the cuts with a sharp hand held 6 or 7mm drill bit. Then lightly rub the copper strips with a fine grain sandpaper.
Cuts and wirebridges:
Bill of Materials.
(07-June-2020 Revised version. Numbering now follows numbering on schematic.)
Please note there's an extra Triangle to Sinewave converter stripboard you can add to the VCO, to give it a Sinewave output, at the bottom of this article!
2. EURORACK SIZED VERSION.
This version is the same as the above only the components are packed tighter together so the stripboard is only 40 holes wide which will make it fit behind a 14hp Eurorack panel.
A few resistor changes for use with a dual 12V powersupply have been made in this layout! The timing capacitor is the same 1nF as in the 15V version but in my build (further down the article) I used a 820pF cap. R11 was changed from 1M5 to 1M2, R23 was changed from 910 (or 1K) to 680Ω. All the other changes I mention at the top of the article I left out to see if they were really necessary. In this case they weren't.
I also made a Eurorack layout which includes an alternative version for the Pulse Width Modulation input. You can input an external pulse width Control Voltage and still use the internal PWM potmeter too. Both CV's are summed in an opamp before being input in the AS3340 chip. That version is below this version.
Wiring diagram:
Stripboard only:
And the cuts and wirebridges.
Cuts only, component side. Mark the cuts first with a Sharpie on the component side and then stick a pin through the marked holes and mark them again on the copper side. Then cut away the copper at the marked positions with a sharp hand held 6 or 7mm drill bit.
3. KOSMO SIZE with ALTERNATIVE PWM INPUT.
I've had a request for an alternative solution for the pulsewidth modulation inputs. This person wanted to be able to have the pulse width connected to an LFO and still be able to control the pulse width on the panel as well. So I designed a little CV-mixer stage as an alternative for the standard PWM inputs. It requires an extra opamp but there is just enough room for that on the stripboard:
Here the total view layout for this alternative version:
Stripboard only:
I tested this PWM setup in the Eurorack version below and it works perfectly. Make sure you make the extra cuts and wirebridges etc. I made an extra layout to help you with this:
Bill of materials for the above version with Pulse Width Modulation CV-mixer:
Schematic for this version:
4. EURORACK SIZED VERSION with ALTERNATIVE PWM INPUT MIXER.
I decided I had to also make a Eurorack version that included the above mentioned alternative pulse width modulation input mixer. So below is a layout that fits behind a 14hp Eurorack panel and includes the PWM mix input. I realized that I could actually do without one opamp in the PWM mixer section and that saved just enough space to make this layout size possible. You will notice that pins 1,2 and 3 of the TL072 are not used and that opamp is tied to ground.
A few resistor changes for use with a dual 12V powersupply have been made in this layout! The timing capacitor is the same 1nF as in the 15V version but in my build (further down the article) I used a 820pF cap. R11 was changed from 1M5 to 1M2, R23 was changed from 910 (or 1K) to 680Ω. All the other changes I mention at the top of the article I left out to see if they were really necessary. In this case they weren't.
(Layout is verified.)
Wiring diagram:
Cuts seen from COMPONENT SIDE. Mark the cuts first with a Sharpie on the component side and then stick a pin through the marked holes and mark them again on the copper side. Then cut away the copper at the marked positions with a sharp hand held 6 or 7mm drill bit.
And finally the Bill of Materials for this version:
SCHEMATIC:
[Edit 11th of May 20025] I started teaching myself KiCad in the last two days and I'm loving it! I practically know enough now to start making my own PCB designs. Here's the schematic for this Eurorack version for dual 12V and with the PWM Mixer, made in KiCad by yours truly.
With the component values show here this VCO runs excellently on +/-12V. It was very easy to tune too.
The schematic above only shows things that are actually on the PCB so it doesn't show panel potmeters, sockets or octaves switch. Only their connections to the circuitboard. The '+ pad' and '- pad' on the schematic refer to two solderpads I included on the PCB from where you can tap power for the Coarse and Fine frequency potmeters. They are my own idea so you won't find them anywhere else.
PCB's for this version. V3.0
I designed a PCB for this version of the VCO that fits a Eurorack panel. It's size is 5.3 x 10.4 CM
The PCB's have been ordered and will be for sale soon at €10 plus shipping.
Here's what the PCB looks like. They are verified to work.
Before I had the PCB's I started building this version for myself on stripboard because I could use an extra VCO for my Eurorack system and of course I want to test these new layouts so I can verify them myself. I wired it all up and I can tell you that this layout is verified. It works like a charm. :)
Faceplate all stocked ready for wiring up. It is 14hp wide (7cm) and the depth, when it was all finished, came to 4CM:
In the picture below you can see that all ground connections have been made with a bare copper wire, so only one ground wire will actually go to the ground on the stripboard.
Do NOT rely on the metal of the faceplate alone to ground the sockets!! This will give you problems. Make sure all sockets are properly grounded to the stripboard like in the picture below.
The finished product.
I did not use the Soft Sync option. I also left out the 1V/Oct output and the extra synchronization or tuner output that I put in my other Kosmo sized VCO's. There's no room for that here and I don't need it. The PWM mixer works remarkably well. You have full control over internal and external Pulse Width Modulation. The hard sync sounds great, especially the 'both' mode (middle input). It took a good 15 minutes to tune but then I had it in tune over 6 octaves at +/-8 cents over the entire range. That is a great result!
I used a 820pF polystyrene capacitor for C7 to be on the safe side when it came to tuning and this worked out really well.
At first I just labelled the faceplate but I later made a new one this time using waterslide decals for the first time ever for me. It looks really good in the picture but there are some creases and it's a bit rough. So I still have some learning to do on this subject but the first result is encouraging.
THIS CONCLUDES THE DIFFERENT VERSIONS AND WE NOW CONTINUE DISCUSSING THE VERSION I BUILT FOR MY OWN MODULAR SYNTH.
(The normal Kosmo sized VCO).
Below is a look at the finished stripboard. I soldered on a little copper eye to make mounting the stripboard on the particular panel I made easier, but there's room enough left on the stripboard to drill a few holes to mount it however you like. Make sure the copper traces are cut so no contact is made with the bolt and nut etc. In this picture you can also see the annoying little circle at the bottom of the AS3340 chip. Do NOT mistake this for the pin-1 indicator, and put the chip in the wrong way as I once did!! I had the chip mounted in the socket the wrong way around and had it switched on for about 20 seconds. It got so hot that I could smell it, that's what allerted me, and I switched it off immediately thinking the chip would be waisted but no, it survived! (They call that 'burning in the chip', LOL. DON'T TRY IT!)
Here are the two identical VCOs side by side in my synth. You can see a 'Tuner' and 'Sync Out' output, which I added later on. More on that in the 'Synchronizing' section below:
About the CV-OUT connector:
You can see in the picture that I have CV-OUT jacks on the VCO's. These are simply
in parallel over the 1V/Oct. input jack so I can daisy-chain more VCO's to one 1V/Oct. signal so that all VCO's receive the 1V/Oct signal from the Doepfer A-190-3 MIDI to CV converter. This is not included in the stripboard layouts but you can see it in the schematic drawing.
If you use the
Dual Buffered Multiple described on this website, then you don't have to include this CV OUT and you can spread the 1V/Oct. signal over all VCO's with the Multiple. But I do advise to include it. If you daisy-chain your oscillators like this you keep the Buffered Multiple free for other functions and you can daisy-chain upto 8 oscillators of this design before you'll get a slight drop in voltage in the 1V/Octave signal.
TURNING THE 0 TO +10Volt SIGNALS INTO -5V to +5Vpp SIGNALS:I made a little expansion board with 4 inputs and 4 outputs that gives you the option of giving a -5V offset voltage to the waveforms this VCO outputs and so turn them into bi-polar signals. This will make sure you can use this VCO with all the other projects on this website without the problem that the signals are 0-10Vpp. Most modules require signals that are -5/+5V peak-to-peak. This expansion board will provide that for you. You will have to find a way to implement this stripboard in your module design but if you're handy with the hot-glue gun you can connect it to the VCO stripboard copper side as long as the two don't touch eachother. Anyway I leave that up to you. Here is the link to the expansion board project, Synthesizer Extra's No.4:
Synchronizing multiple VCO's:
I recently added two more outputs. One is parallel over the squarewave output socket and is used to connect the VCO to the negative Hard Sync of one of the other VCO's, so I can keep the Squarewave output free for normal use. The other output is in parallel over the triangle wave output and is used to connect the hacked Joyo tuner to the VCO, also to keep the Triangle output free for normal use. These outputs are not on any of the pictures or on any of the layouts but you can easily add them if you feel you need them. I find them very useful. If you want to synchronize two VCO's then just take a square- or sawtooth-wave out from the main VCO into the Negative Hard Sync input of the second VCO.
The main function of the sync options on this VCO is actually not to have them track together but to create more interesting sounds. If you input a VCO signal into an other VCO's Hard or Soft Sync input you can get some really cool results if you change the frequency of the secondary VCO with the Octaves control potmeter. It will produce higher tones but the waveforms will be cut to the frequency of the synced VCO giving you all sorts of overtones and harmonic frequencies. If you never tried this I strongly recommend experimenting with this. (Also see the article about the Thomas Henry VCO-555 about synchronization). You will get that famous FM synth sound that can be really phat and rich in harmonics.
The difference between Hard Sync and Soft Sync is that with hard sync de oscillator always resets the waveform when it receives a sync pulse. With soft sync it only resets the waveform if the slope of the incoming signal is within a percentage distance to the slope of the original signal. So it will ignore the sync signal unless the two oscillators (master and slave) are tuned close to some octave interval. With hard sync it doesn't matter, it will always force a reset and that's why it sounds harder and harsher. Negative, Both or Positive hard sync just determins if the waveform is reset on the negative going slope, both slopes or the positive going slope of the incoming signal. Funnily enough I never had much success with Positive Hardsync with this VCO design for some reason. Maybe I'm doing something wrong. On the Eurorack version it was the negative Hard Sync that wouldn't work LOL. Oh well.
Doepfer A-190-3V MIDI to CV converter:In order for the VCO to produce actual notes we need to feed it with a control voltage that follows the 1Volt per Octave standard. For that we need a converter that turns the MIDI signals from a keyboard into a 1V/Oct CV signal. Now you can build a MIDI to CV converter yourself but I didn't trust myself to build one and I wanted the interface between the keyboard and the synthesizer to be absolutely fool-proof and reliable. So I bought my first Eurorack module: a DOEPFER A-190-3 MIDI to USB and CV converter and it was certainly worth the €130 I paid for it. You can connect any keyboard, that has a 5 pin MIDI output, to it and it will output a 1V/Octave Control Voltage. It adds a Portamento (or Glide) function to the synth and besides the normal CV out it has 3 extra outputs for the modulation and pitch-bend wheels on the keyboard that you can connect to CV-2 for instance to get pitch-bend. It also has a Velocity output and a 'Learn' option on CV-4. It will assign CV4 to any mod wheel or knob that you touch on the keyboard. And it also has a USB input so I can connect the synth to my computer. Naturally it also produces a Gate signal for the Envelope Generator. The voltage of all the outputs can be set with jumpers on the circuit-board. I got the A-190-3
V which is the Vintage edition which means the panel is black with white lettering to stay in keeping with the other panels in my synth. It's only 5 more euro's than the normal silver edition. I just made a 20cm high panel and cut a Eurorack sized hole in it. I first made it from cardboard so I could easily adjust the size of the hole and when it was ready I transferred it to an Aluminium panel and mounted the Doepfer in there. Then I made a special adapter cable to go from the Eurorack power system to the one I invented for my own synth. (See
powersupply article).
OCTAVE SWITCH:
With VCO number four I changed the Octave potmeter for an octave switch, as an experiment. I used a 10 step rotary switch and I measured out a bunch of 10K resistors so I had 10 with the same resistance upto 10 Ohm accuracy. They were all 9K99. I soldered on the resistors in the way shown in the drawing below:
So you get 5 Octaves up and 4 Octaves down with a 10 step switch. If you want -5/+5 you'll need a 11 step switch, which you can easily find on eBay. This is more than enough though.
Now, this works but it is not the case that when you turn the switch you land on the exact same note as the previous Octave. To try and address that problem I exchanged the 10K resistor connected to -15V for a 10K multiturn potmeter, with a 2K resistor in series with it, going to -15V. Now it's not possible to tune it so it is spot on but I did manage to tune it so that each octave I go up, I can turn the Fine Tune one stripe up on the dial (decal) and I'm in tune. So you switch one Octave higher, you turn Finetune to the next stripe on the dial and you're bang on. And the same but backwards for switching down the octaves. This works well enough for me :) This will really only work well if you also have a hacked
Joyo tuner connected to the VCO so you can see what you're doing.
To get this bang on the right note, you would need to experiment with the 3M3 resistor and try to buffer this potmeter and use really accurate resistors.
So I wouldn't advise this switch solution, as it is presented here, for any serious project where everything needs to work perfectly. I'm just documenting it here because it is something I personally tried and want to keep a record of.
Here's a picture of the switch in the panel:
The output waves:
And finally a look at the waves this oscillator puts out. All nice clean waves as may be expected from the AS3340 chip but the ringing issue in the downward slope of the squarewave, which I mention in article 2 of this build series, is still there even in this design. Although it is significantly less prominent. This ringing must be common to this chip or something. Anyway, it's not audible so no real problem. I thought the zener diode over the squarewave output resistor might help to eliminate this problem but it has no influence but you can see from the pictures below that there are only a few spikes and only on the lowest notes. The picture below shows the ringing at note C1. Only 3 spikes! They only occur on the downward slope of the squarewave and they have a frequency of 28kHz so well above human hearing capabilities.
BTW, I just found out that to get rid of this ringing you can connect a 1M resistor between pins 4 and 5 of the 3340 chip. But this is not implemented in the layout.
At note C3 there's only one spike left and after that it is completely clean. Maybe it adds to the character of the sound though. Who knows ^___^
Squarewave. You can see that the ringing is not even visible once you zoom out of the oscilloscope image:
Here's the ramp wave:
And this is the triangle wave:
Just for fun, here's a Triangle and a Ramp wave after being mixed together and after it's been through the dual Korg MS20 filter. You can see the high frequency resonance, produced by the filter, on parts of the wave form:
You can see that the output voltages are all around the +10 Volt except for the squarewave which is +13.4 Volt. I recently received a batch of 10 Volt Zener Diodes from China and I have soldered those in over the squarewave output and now all signal outputs are at the same 10Vpp level. Perfect! You might have wondered why there is a 2K resistor (R22) in series with the squarewave output. Well, it's there to make the Zener-diode work. Zener-diodes always need a resistor in series with them for them to function as voltage regulators. The zener brings down the voltage from 13.4V to 10V so there's 3.4 Volt that has to be shaven off. That voltage is dropped over the 2K resistor and that's why it's there.
I made a little demo video showing the main features of this VCO. Sorry it's not very good, speech is not loud enough. Don't be fooled by the scope image, the signal really is 0 to +10Vpp but the scope measures the VCA output and that is -5/+5V. The VCA is also the cause for the slight rounding in the saw- and triangle waves. You can not hear that in the sound though. The VCA works fine. Btw, this video was made before I added the Sinewave option so that is not demonstrated here.
One other thing: Please keep in mind that this project and this demo video were made in the early stages of my synthesizer building career and thus I was not yet fully aware of everything you could do with a VCO in terms of using Synchronization and FM Modulation so therefor this demo is a bit basic.
TUNING THE VCO:
This VCO has 3 trimpots for tuning but we're only going to use 2 because the High Frequency Tracking or Linearity potmeter is not really effective for the lower octaves. So we leave that in the middle position. I have developed a tuning procedure of my own that is very simple and will get this VCO in tune over many octaves in less than 15 minutes.
If you don't have a useful tuner for calibration purposes but you do have a smart-phone then I recommend you download the 'Universal Tuner' app by Dmitry Pogrebnyak. This app can tune anything. Set it to the Chromatic Scale for tuning VCO's. It's available in the Google Play store for free. Of course any tuning app that displays frequency and notes will do. There's plenty to choose from.
Before we start tuning, turn the Coarse Tune or Octaves potmeter off with the switch on the panel and set the Fine-Tune potmeter in the middle position. In the original text the wire connected to the wiper of the Fine Tune potmeter is de-soldered, but I recommend just leaving it in the middle position. Now turn the two trimpots all the way to one side until you hear it clicking. That means it's at the end. It doesn't matter which way you turn. Take a little screwdriver and turn trimpot A up about 3 quarters of the way (that's 22 turns). Now go to trimpot B and turn that up about 1 quarter of the way (That's about 7 turns. It's not necessary to be accurate with this and it also doesn't matter which way you turn them. It's just for setting a start position.)
If you want to be extra precise then let the VCO warm up for 15 minutes after turning it on so it can reach its normal operating temperature, before starting to tune it.
- Launch the Universal Tuner app. on your smartphone or use the tuner of your preference.
- Open up the 'Gain' potmeter on your VCA so you get continuous sound.
- Now press key C5 on your keyboard and turn Trimpot A until note C5 is in tune on your tuner.
- Now press key C2 on your keyboard and turn Trimpot B until C2 is in tune.
- C5 will now be out of tune again so press key C5 and retune it with Trimpot A.
- Now C2 will be out of tune again so press C2 and retune it with Trimpot B.
- Repeat these steps over and over until the VCO is in tune.
- You'll notice that you will need to turn the potmeters less and less to reach the C notes. After a few cycles of tuning they will be spot on their respective C notes.
- If you find that you need to turn the trimmers more and more to reach the C notes then switch potmeters and use A for C2 and B for C5
TIP: If you are tuning more than one VCO at once, make sure they are all switched on and all other modules in your modular synth are connected too otherwise the slight voltagedrop you get when you switch them all on can de-tune your VCO(s). Have them connected to the same powersupply that you intend to use for your modular system when you are tuning the VCO(s).
We tune with the Octaves control switched off to prevent variations in resistance from de-tuning our VCO. Having the wiper of the potmeter exactly in the middle results in 0V on the 1V/Oct. input so that would be the same as having the wiper disconnected by the switch, but not all potmeters are perfect and that's why we use the switch. Also because a little movement of this potmeter has a huge influence on the frequency. This is less important with the Frequency Fine control although you must make sure not to touch the fine control during tuning and make sure it stays in the 12 o'clock position during tuning.
Be precise with the final tuning. Check the exact frequencies of the C notes. The app I mentioned will display the note graphically and it shows the frequency. You can get it in tune to at least 1/10th of a Hertz although in my experience you don't have to go more than one figure behind the comma.
Here's a PDF about tuning 3340 VCO's that maybe of help to some of you if you have trouble tuning this VCO:
-- CLICK HERE --
Extra info for tuning on +/-12 Volt and using the V3340 chip:
As mentioned earlier, if you're running this VCO on +/-12V and you have trouble tuning it, change R4 from 200K to 270K or 300K. Someone kindly reported having trouble tuning this VCO on 12V and reported this as the solution in the comments below, so I thought I'd include it here. That's why the comments are so useful. If you come across problems like this please report it in the Eddy Bergman Facebook group or in the comment of an other article. (Comments for this article are closed because it got too long.)
I've also had a comment on Facebook about the V3340 chip not holding tracking when used in this circuit. I have no further details on that, but just so you know. It's recommended you use either the AS3340 or the CEM3340 chip.
It will usually be the case, when we start tuning, that the notes are too far apart rather than too close together and if you repeat the steps above and keep switching between C2 and C5 and using trimmer A for the high note and B for the low note, you will notice, as mentioned before, that the notes get closer together and you'll have to turn the trimpots less and less to hit the right note. Eventually you will be spot on and the VCO will be in tune over at least 4 octaves. Be careful that you don't overshoot but you'll notice that soon enough if you have to turn the trimpots more and more to hit the right C note. In that case switch trimpots and use trimpot A for the low note and B for the high note.
You can of course use even higher octaves and other notes, like tune it between A2 and A7 for instance. I leave that up to you. I don't use C1 for tuning because it is so low my phone with the app has trouble tuning into it.
You'll get the hang of this tuning proces soon enough. It's really simple. It took me just 15 minutes after turning the VCO on to have it perfectly in tune, and when I say perfectly I mean perfectly! I was really chuffed about this ^____^
Here is a very interesting article that one of my readers sent to me. It deals with a tuning process for 12 Volt, using four trimmers which only need to be adjusted once, instead of going between two trimmers for ten or more times. I have not tested this methode but it's a very interesting approach so here's the link to the article:
https://cabintechglobal.com/tune3340
Here's a little overview of features and technical data about this VCO:
Frequency range: 0.1Hz - 50kHz
Most accurate freq range: 5Hz - 10kHz
Waveform amplitude: 0V to +10Vpp
Octave adjust control range: +/- 5 Octaves
Frequency Fine control range: +/- 0.5 Octaves
Positive- and Negative Hard Sync and Both.
Soft Sync
Linear Freq. Modulation input with level control.
Optional PWM input mixer that allows you to use an external Pulse Width Modulation Control Voltage and sum that to the internal Pulse Width control so you can have an external PWM CV signal coming in and still be able to use the internal PWM control.
The other (normal) CV inputs are in fact Exponential Freq. Modulation inputs.
CV-2 input with level control. (This is an Exp. Freq. Mod. input.)
Pulse Width Modulation both internally controlled and externally controllable.
Extra CV inputs can easily be added by using 100K resistors connected to pin 15 of the VCO chip. Measure the resistance of the 100K CV input resistors and make sure they are all the same, that way anything you connect to the inputs will be in tune right away.
All outputs are protected and can be short-circuited continuously without damage to any components.
Synchronization and FM input:
The positive Hard Sync synchronizes on the rising edge of a squarewave and negative H.S. on the falling edge. I'm getting excellent results with the Negative Hard Sync and Soft Sync. They all work fine and FM also gives great results. I personally use the negative Hard Sync input for syncing up two or more VCO's. I input a square- or ramp-wave from an other VCO into Neg H.S. and then they both react to pitch changes of the main VCO. The FM input is also very cool to use. I can't describe how it sounds but if you build two of these and input one into the other and you turn the Octaves control back half an octave on the oscillator connected to the inputs, you're gonna get some great results. You can also input a Control Voltage from an LFO to get Vibrato or Tremelo effects. I demo this in the video.
Like I mentioned before, the normal CV inputs are equivalent to Exponential FM inputs. Try connecting the output of an other VCO to a CV input and change the octave of the input VCO upwards. Sounds pretty cool!
Finally and by request, here's a list of individual notes and their corresponding voltages, should you want to tune the VCO without a keyboard, using an accurate voltmeter. Ignore the 'Expo Output' column. It is not relevant to this VCO:
Here's a picture of VCO's one, two and three. The third one is installed at the top in the second case of the Bergman-Berlin synthesizer. I installed a Sinewave output too in VCO-3, but that was after this picture was taken. :)
The picture below shows the latest VCO, number four, and it now also has a Sinewave output!
Something many people have been asking me about for a long time, but now it's here. The design is too big to be included on the original VCO stripboard layout so I made it on a small piece of stripboard that can easily be added to the original print with a M3 bolt and a little stand-off tube. Read the paragraph below here for more on the Sinewave option.
Here's a picture of VCO number four with the sinewave output and two switches for Triangle and Sinewave with or without a +5V DC Offset. (No offset = +/-5Vpp, with offset = 0-10Vpp):
ADDING A SINEWAVE OUTPUT TO THE VCO:
I added the Sinewave option to the VCO waveforms by adding an extra bit of stripboard with a Triangle- to Sinewave converter, the design of which I took from the schematic of the Thomas Henry VCO Deluxe which you can find in the 'Files' section of the 'Synth DIY for non engineers Facebook Group'. It's a very simple design so only needs a small piece of stripboard. I think you can easily figure out yourself the best way to add it to your specific VCO panel. I did not use the original Digisound 80 sinewave part of the VCO because it uses a CA3080 chip and there are a lot of fakes of that chip being sold. Anyway I tested that design and could not get it to work.
The Triangle- to Sinewave converter needs a Triangle input wave of +/-5Vpp and you can tap that straight from pin 12 of the TL074 Quad OpAmp chip on the main VCO stripboard. I have drawn an input socket on the layout but if you're building the converter into the VCO panel then just solder a wire straight from pin 12 of the TL074 on the VCO to the input of the sine converter. You can have two outputs for the Sinewave: a +/-5Vpp and a 0/+10Vpp one and you can use a switch like I did (see picture above) to choose which type you want or you can simply use two output sockets. A simple SPDT ON-ON Toggle switch will do fine. Solder each of the outputs to one of the top or bottom pins of the switch and then the output socket to the middle pin, making sure the outputs are nicely grounded the way it should be. You can tap the power supply straight from the VCO stripboard, that insures all the grounds are connected together like they should be.
I altered the feedback resistor (Rf on the layout) from 10K to 15K to get the amplitude correct with the other waveforms of the VCO. This had the effect that the +/-5V output got a negative DC-offset voltage which is why I put a 1µF electrolytic capacitor in series with the output of the +/-5Vpp sinewave with the minus pole towards the source of the sinewave. That resistor should really remain a 10K, but I found the higher amplitude more important. What I could have done, and may still do is change the other 10K that goes from the non-inverting input of the opamp to ground into a 15K also. Then everything is in balance again. Anyway, you should make sure the other two 10K's are matched and the transistors should also be matched. (Match them on hfe, that's good enough).
The output amplitude on a dual 12V powersupply is +/-4.2Vpp or 0 to 9.4Vpp. For a dual 15V power supply it is +/-5Vpp or 0 to 10Vpp.
Here's the layout of the Tri to Sine converter I installed in my VCO:
Triangle to Sinewave converter built into the VCO. This was my experimental stripboard so there's two TL072 opamps on there instead of the single TL074. As you can see, the VCO trimpots are still accessible:
Here's the schematic drawing. You can see I added a 1µF electrolithic cap on the +/-5V Sinewave output because I had a little negative offset voltage present there. See the text above the layout for the reason. If that solution doesn't help then you can use a cap on the output like I did.
Chapter three way back at the beginning of this synthesizer build series, deals with the Triangle to Sinewave converter and I have deleted the original article text and replaced the layout with this one because this one is much better and simpler. It works like a charm. That article also has pictures of the sinewave outputs.
NOTE: The VCO-Deluxe version with the tri- to sinewave converter and sub-oscillator all on the same print as the VCO, did not come through testing and I actually managed to blow up an AS3340 chip. So until I get new components for that project it's been put on ice for now. I'm actually concentrating on an other VCO design, without the 3340 chip (with sinewave option).
More extra's I added to VCO number four:
The panel I made for VCO number four is 2 centimeter less wide than the other 3 which are 10 CM wide. I included an output labelled 'Tuner' to which you can connect the
JOYO Tuner after you hacked it. That is connected in parallel over the 10V Triangle output, soldered to the 5V/10V switch directly. (This is not included in any layout or schematic because it was a last minute addition to keep the normal outputs free.) As I mentioned earlier I later also added an extra output in parallel over the Squarewave output to connect the VCO to the negative Hard Sync of an other VCO so as to keep the regular output free for normal use.
Okay, that's it for this one. I hope this is useful to you. After searching for a good VCO design using the AS3340 chip it was a real relief to see that this VCO performed so well and was so easy to build and tune too. I wish I found an article like this one when I first set out to build my first VCO but now I've written one of my own I really hope it will help out all those of you who are building their own synthesizer, maybe for the first time, like me, and are looking for a good VCO design.
If you have any questions or suggestions you can go to the special
Facebook Group for this website. I had to close the comment section for this article because it became too long but it is full of useful information so check through it and maybe the answer to your question is already in there. Otherwise, like mentioned before, you can post your question on the Facebook Group.
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Here is a link to the original PDF file with all the text and schematics and tuning procedures for the Digisound 80 VCO:
<click here to download or read the PDF file>
COMMENTS CLOSED FOR THIS ARTICLE. Please comment in an other article or on the
Eddy Bergman DIY Projects Discussion and Help Facebook group. The comments under this article have become so numerous that it was becoming impractical so I decided to close it. Sorry for the inconvenience. But they are a good source of information so read through them if you have any problems with the build. One other thing that came up recently: people trying to friend me on Facebook with a profile that is only a few minutes old with no pictures or info on it, get blocked by me for security reasons. If you have no FB, please use the comments of an other article to ask me questions.
